Stimulating Innovation: Policy Gone Wrong

Yesterday, I tweeted about a post from Alex Tabarrok over at Marginal Revolution, in which he discusses the ludicrous Supreme Court case of Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories and what it could mean in terms of patents and innovation. Prometheus Labs essentially wants to patent dosage instructions for a particular drug, which would mean every time a patient is prescribed the medication (or the dosage changed), the prescriber would infringe upon patent rights if they did not pay the usage fee or get consent from Prometheus Labs. It is an absurd case and an example of policy meant to stimulate innovation gone horribly wrong. Unfortunately, this case is far from the only abuse of the innovation system seen in recent decades.

The pharmaceutical industry has been perhaps the most prominent in terms of finding ways to use intellectual property right laws to their utmost advantage. Minor modifications of brand name drugs have been given new patents, giving drug companies double (or if done again) triple the time of monopoly profits for what is essentially the same drug (i.e. Claritin vs. Claritin D). There is not much of a cost at all for these companies in releasing these slightly altered medications, but the payoffs can be huge. More so, the “generated innovation” from these minor changes are far from justified by the huge consumer costs incurred.

Unfortunately the malfunctioning of the patent system is not limited to pharmaceuticals. There are many other markets that similarly work around the laws and end up hurting outcomes with certain actions that do not foster innovation. The “patent wars” between Apple, Google, and other tech players are a recently popularized example. There are companies (Apple being the behemoth) that are collecting and using patents as a way to stop competitors from innovating and to win lawsuits. As a result, even those who were not originally in the patent-hoarding business, have been forced to get in to have more leverage in lawsuits. The acquisition of Motorola Mobility by Google earlier this year is a prime example.

What has happened with the patent system in the United States is that companies have evolved to match the incentives. That is expected and fine. What is not though is that the current system clearly is not incentivizing only innovation. In fact, it is sometimes doing just the opposite by stifling innovation. At a time when innovation is arguably very important for recovery, reform needs to be looked at. Downturn aside, it is an extremely important issue and one which effects so many important things from the prices of life-saving drugs to the future of tech. The case of Prometheus should light the fire for the reform process, but likely will not.

Lessons on Fiscal Responsibility

If the “Great Recession” and Eurozone crisis have taught us anything, it is that fiscal irresponsibility during times of prosperity might be even costlier than previously assumed. So many problems of the past few years have been the result of fiscal debts that were not only underestimated in terms of severity, but in many cases, debts which could (and should) have been avoided altogether. The tremendous miscalculations of political bodies has led to deep crises or suggestions of potentially deep crises- something that must be learned from once the dust settles.

In the cases of the Greece and Italy, many of today’s debts were accumulated prior to monetary union membership and had since been [slightly] reduced, but still exist at extremely high levels. The two (among others) should not only have been told to cut their debts to join the union, but should have been barred altogether until more sustainable levels were reached. Of course hindsight is 20/20 and at the time the Euro seemed attractive due to what would amount to lower borrowing costs while the debt was worked down- a situation that those in the monetary union assumed would last indefinitely. We now know that that was an incorrect assumption and everyone is paying the cost as a result.

The Eurozone’s woes are significantly due to the unified monetary system, but poor fiscal situations were the initial icebergs in the water. The poor progress of austerity measures in most of the PIIGS nations shows why reactionary measures will not always cut it. Fiscal problems can be hard to overcome- both politically and logistically.

Even with monetary control, racking up unnecessary fiscal debts are far from good strategy. The United States’ ongoing flirtation with rating devaluations and a worsening debt outlook shows it. Proponents of greater fiscal stimulus find themselves between the closing walls of negative debt outlooks and waiting too long for stimulus. I generally do not support such stimuli for reasons other than increased fiscal debt, but the option automatically becomes weakened when fiscal debt accumulation is a concern, which could hurt potentially positive action should any such action exist and be proven. In other words, even for the pro-stimulus crowd, fiscal debts only make the fight harder.

Ironically, even Keynes likely would not have stood by the overboard spending displays by many of the Western governments in their times of [relative] prosperity. On the other end, the monetarists and Austrians would have been right there with Keynes against such spending. Perhaps it was all the greed of politicians (or constituencies or whoever- that at this point is irrelevant), but something has to give should we want to avoid similar enigmas in the future. Fiscal spending during prosperity needs to be controlled. There is no way around it. Nor should there be.

Euro “Solutions” and Soverignty

As Eurozone leaders continue to tip-toe around solving the monetary union’s confidence crisis, the number and variety of proposed solutions continues to grow. The structural problems of the EU require systemic reform and there have been a wide range of proposals involving everything from changes in monetary policy to breaking up the union. Many plans look towards greater fiscal integration for Eurozone members in order to shorten the dichotomy between the highly variable fiscal positions of member nations and the equal monetary positions. These plans look to fix arguably the worst inherent flaw in the current system and the reason why the people of Greece, Portugal, Ireland, and Italy are currently in such a bind.

Greater fiscal integration is likely to be something that these countries will openly reject- or until they are forced at least. While the idea might seem good in terms of stabilizing the continent, there are greater concerns that should not be forgotten. Increased fiscal integration in almost any form would reduce the sovereignty of each state. And while more in-line fiscal policies would reduce the risks of repeating what is happening now, it is still not guaranteed, especially given the heterogeneous markets and peoples of the Eurozone. What happens if a fiscal agreement is reached only to have such problems resurface down the road? The closer to complete fiscal integration the Eurozone moves, the lower the chance of a repeat crisis gets, but with it sovereignty declines too. If taken too far it could become a threat to freedoms of less represented peoples.

While time is of the essence in the Eurozone crisis, national sovereignty and self-determination is a tremendous attribute of truly free society and should not be taken lightly. It is something that millions of Europeans fought for and uncountable men died for. The importance of sovereignty cannot and should not be questioned here. If it comes down to saving the European Union or saving the sovereignty of existing peoples and nations, the latter should win every time. Europe has paid far too much to have it disappear like this.

Vote for MirajPatel.com for the 2011 Blogging Scholarship

This blog (and I) have been named a finalist for the 2011 Blogging Scholarship by CollegeScholarships.org. There is a public vote held to determine the recipient of the award and I would appreciate it tremendously if any of this blog’s readers could help me out by clicking the following button and voting for me (Miraj Patel). You can actually vote once every 24 hours if you feel up for it, but even 1 vote would mean a lot:

 

Thank you for your support and please feel free to Tweet/Facebook/etc. this post. With the [potential] college tuition bubble where it is, I can really use the help!

Backing Spain to Save Italy

One of the possibilities that I left out of my last post concerning the Eurozone was a potential “pre-bailout” of Spain. The Free Exchange blot over at the Economist later posted about it, explaining why it could be a good idea. The rationale behind such a proposal is that it essentially stops the Italian domino from knocking down the Spain, thereby saving Spain as well as the rest of the Eurozone while putting big pressure on those in trouble (Italy namely) to shore up their situations. Free Exchange sees it as a way to put more political pressure on Italy to pass the necessary reforms towards a more sound fiscal position. A more immediate effect might even be downward pressure on Italian yields simply due to reduced risk of a contagion that would end up partly spiraling back to Italy further pushing up yields.

While the positives might sound great, the reality likely is not. Backing Spain indefinitely could be a moral hazard even with stipulations on the aid and it once more sets a bad precedent. I also do not have as much faith in the political system of Italy as Free Exchange seems to, even in the face of such pressure. Even if the political system were sound and ready to act as needed, what to do to shore up the budget without destroying the economy (which would further hurt the budget) is arguable and not very clear-cut. Guaranteeing so much money while still keeping so much risk on the table and placing more responsibility in the hands of Italy right now just does not seem like a great option. I get the feeling that Germany agrees, hence the lack of movement on this potential front.